文章摘选自知乎https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/53953021    作者：RENA

一。强调：

中文里面表达强调很简单，在一个句子前面加上某些字眼即可，比如“正是...”，“其重要性不言而喻”，“恰恰就是...”，而英文却是通过众多的句式结构来表达强调的意味。

先来复习一下大家都学过的强调结构：

（1）it is ... who/that … 结构表示强调，相信大家都已经比较熟悉了。

例句：It was my father who took all this away from me.

或者还有学过 (2) hardly … when … 结构，具体例子我就不再赘述了。

大家发现没有，就算我们使用上述结构，大部分也都是用来强调部分名词和动作的，那么当我们希望强调形容词的时候，又要怎么办呢？其实最简单的一个办法，将(3)形容词在句子结构中前置即可，如：

他既有想象力，又幽默，待人友好，他的朋友都很尊敬他，喜爱他。

正常翻译版本：He was imaginative, good-humoured, and friendly, and his friends respected and liked him.

强调形容词版本：Imaginative, good-humoured, and friendly, he was respected and liked by his peer-students.

是否有感觉到第二个版本结构更加紧凑，重点更加突出？!少年，这不就是你梦寐以求的句子的感觉吗？

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这个将想要强调的内容前面的用法简直是瓶万金油，下面这个场景也可以同样使用：有的时候，我们想说，某物数不胜数，这要怎么说？把 (4)many/much/a lot放到句首 即可：

比如：

A lot has changed since prehistoric times.

A lot depends on your background.

Much has been said about the need for nuclear weapons, although after the end of USSR and consequently the end of the cold war, this topic was almost forgotten.

Much has been said about quality time, but children don't understand this concept, they only know whether you are there or you are not.

Many are the causes which have led us to a better and longer life.

Many are the examples of children who hate reading as they believe that it is pointless, but they are not able to judge from a young age.

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同理可得，将否定词前置，就可以强调否定的概念：

(5)句式结构：neither / nor + 倒装/ be + 对象

Nevertheless, I have no recollection of ever leaving my diary. In fact, I can clearly remember that I kept it with me all the time I was working. Neither do I remember losing it during the time I was on the platform waiting for my train to pull in.

Maybe he will eventually get over this terrible experience, but he's bound to be a lonelier boy than he was. Nor does Jack's future look any more promising.

There are also considerable disturbances during day-time. It is, for example, not possible to lead a conversation, e.g. on the veranda, without shouting. Nor is it possible to watch television peacefully without the thunderous noise in the background.

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那么如果主语，本来正常句式，位置就应该放在句首，这个时候，我们要怎么样才能表达强调的意味呢？除了可以用 it is … that/ who，还可以考虑 (6)this + n. + of + theirs/his/hers… 这样的句式，如此一来，主语就自带强调光环啦~

What is more, not only is this rare talent of theirs used for public pleasure but also for international sports success, which makes us all proud.

This characteristic of his is shown in every situation of his life.

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上面那种情况也可以考虑 (7)The one(s) that + 从句 is/are that …

The one that impressed me a lot is the Chinese Lunar New Year Carnival which was held in Hong Kong in January this year.

The one that I think will have permanent results is the raising of the financial standard of all these countries.

The ones that he preferred were those where his imagination could fly away to other places and times, and where he could live the life of other people.

The ones that wear clothes made by their mothers never seem to ask for much attention.

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那如果实在不想前置这个名词怎么办，那也行，使用 (8)many a / many an + 单数名词，同样也表示强调，举例

We have come a long way and climbed many a mountain but are we really better off than our ancestors?

Her father's pharmacy was broken into very often, the local drug addicts were relentless and Mary was threatened many a time on her way home from work.

It has raised many an issue which I would like to comment upon here.

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还能(9)在名词前添加very来表示强调，例句： It is located in the very center of Pisa, in a magnificent ancient building.

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有时候，我们想说，这完全不可能，希望强调可能性很小，除了简单得说 It’s totally/completely impossible for sb. to do sth.. 更加地道的方式应该是用 （10）the slightest, the faintest + 特定的名词，通常+否定句式，例句 I should not end my relationship with Alex by phone, without giving him the slightest explanation.

或者 They act as consumers, nothing more, and never show the slightest interest in learning and sharing opinions with the locals.

二、添加细节

中文里面，我们总是会使用各种言辞来表示程度，比如，“你很美”；“你帅得不要不要的！”英文也是一样的，这个时候，我们是用very much来修饰还是用别的更加高级的词组来修饰，就已经很大程度上能显示出我们的英语水平了。比如，其实我们可以使用(1) not that much 修饰形容词比较级，表示程度较小，例句：

Althoughshe is not that mucholderthan I am, one could think there were quite a few years between us.

也可以(2)用别的副词来修饰副词：

Many politicians and owners of big enterprises have been able for a long timeto work almost exclusively for their own interests.

It was so completely in harmony with the sun, the sea, the sand, the summer, I decided instantly that was the kind of thing I would like to keep and collect.

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为了让读者在阅读时产生画面感和看到细节，更加有身临其境的感觉，可以使用 (10)this

It's a story where there's this old man who makes a marionette that comes to life.

[talking about two characters in a story]There's this flame of passion between them.

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有时候你作为作者，希望谈一下自己对这个事件的态度，但又不希望这个句子过于松散，怎么办呢？也很简单，可以(3)在句中添加一个简单的副词来表达态度，如：

He came out from school at the age of 16, and joined the"Universidad xxx" - the best one in Chile,supposedly- to study Economics.

He was quite nice to me, surprisingly and he told him that he would do his best but that the music was not too loud.

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想要进一步补充说明这个形容词夸张到了什么程度，可以使用 as adj. as / so adj. that 结构的用法，但是更加高阶的玩法是下图这样的

(4) as adj. +n. / so adj. + n. that：

你可能会说 The number of students is not as large as that of guests. 但是你是否会说：

Because our debates do not draw as large a number of students as the guest appearances, but are still enjoyed by a relevant number of students, we propose a change of focus for the events.

It was such a riddle that I went and saw my psycho-analyst, who revealed to methat I once had so strong a shock that I was now walking and hiding my moneyin my sleep.

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最后，当我们希望给某个结论添加理由的时候，往往用词就是 because，然而事实上，(5) in that 也可以作为一个从句的连接词，在其后给出深入的理由，通常用于正式文本中，如：

Nowadays it is widely argued that professional sports aredamaging to people's healthin that they involve gruelling training sessions as an integral part of the occupation.

It's often said that nowadays people must be proud of medical advances, in that life is getting considerably longer.

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三、表达情感

在表达情感时，英语往往也有一些特殊的表达：

表示正面赞美的情绪时，可以使用 (6)this + n. + of + theirs/his/hers

What is more, not only is this rare talent of theirs used for public pleasure but also for international sports success, which makes us all proud.

This characteristic of his is shown in every situation of his life.

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有时候，我们也想嘲讽一下前男友或者前女友，说“你就和那个小三去过一辈子吧！”英文中也有类似的表达 (7)that + n. + of + his/hers/theirs/yours... 表达幽默或者讽刺某事物

I kept silent when I was introduced to that new girlfriend of his.

You can park that precious jeep of yours.

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同样表示反感的，还有(8)would hate to do 例句：

I am very much aware of my parents' mistakes and would hate to make the same ones.

We in the student committee would hate tosee all that space go to waste.

如果表示否定的意味不高，可以在形容词比较级中使用 (9)no/not any + adj. 来表示“其实并不…”这层意味，例句：

That is why we are not any happier than you were.

I will probably find the water to be no higher than my thighs.

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(10)that/those也可以用来传达情绪上的举例，为了表达否定

I also told her that if I had been in her shoes, I would nothave put up with that sort of behaviour.

Nowadays, celebrities, like pop stars or football players, areoften worshipped by hysterical crowds of fans who can't see through themask that those so-called heroesmake up to sell the product that they are.

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当然，如果只是为了表达这其实是个人观点，可以使用 (11) as for myself，如：

As for myself, as you can clearly see from my account of this musical event, music still means an awful lot to me, and most probably always will.

As for myself I like taking responsibilities.

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最后一种情况，如果想表达一种出乎意料的感觉，可以用 (12) and yet 增加一个新的句子来引入对比，有时会用于正式语境。

I felt very embarrassed and I was sure I would get the sack. And yet the manager forgave me and Icontinued to work there.

四、简洁

先看看如下例句：

I put Sophie's pictures in my bag because her pictures were already packed.

然鹅，her pictures 居然重复了！重复了！重复了！怎么办呢？可以用 hers 做主语，语法上是单数形式，所以，变成下面这样子的句子，分数蹭蹭往上升啊！当然 his, theirs, 的用法同理。

I put Sophie's pictures in my bag because hers was already packed.

Yet, beautiful dreams never last long, and theirs lasted until she had to leave England.

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同样优秀的代词还有 each 小朋友，用法：each + (n/pronoun) +动作+ the other(s)'

Each of them admires the other's intelligence.

As regards other aspects of my upbringing my parents taught me the importance of having all the family together, each one helping the others, each one loving the others.

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五、同义替换

英文写作中，我们不仅仅要使得句子简洁易懂，不写流水账，与此同时，还需要使用各种同义替换词，没办法，谁让我们的读者如此挑剔呢？！

第一招：使用 little / no + 名词，组成一个复杂名词

Harvey Keitel has always chosen the scripts that interested him as a person and as an actor, whilst refusing to invest his talent in big-time Hollywood block-busters with little or no artistic value.

They have little or no spare time to relax and recharge their batteries; they are constantly under pressure in order to live up to the expectations of the team and the supporters.

The careers of these people started at a very young age with little or no money.

第二招：v. 短语 + 直接宾语 + 介词短语，举例：

It is widely accepted that being a loyal and trusted individual means that the people around us can trust us on a secret. 无需说 trust us when they tell us a secret.